Robust machine-readable symbology and method and apparatus for printing and reading same

ABSTRACT

A new bar code symbology in an exemplary embodiment employs three bars (and spaces) within nine modules, similar to Code 93. Fifty-three data characters are defined, including several special mode characters. By employing these special mode characters, together with certain routines, three symbol characters can represent two 8-bit bytes, or one 16-bit word. As a result, the symbology can efficiently encode 8-bit bytes for use in computer processing, or encode 16-bit character sets such as Unicode. Symbology encodes extended channel interpretation (ECI) numbers, provides multiple numeric compression modes, provides a structured append using a single mode character, as well as other features. Additionally, the symbology includes error correction, with a Special Features Flag character indicating use of error correction in a symbol.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/914,324, filed Aug. 19, 1997, now pending, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/701,304, filed Aug. 21, 1996, now pending, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/295,382, filed Aug. 24, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,557,092, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/147,376, filed Nov. 5, 1993, now abandoned.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to a new machine-readable symbology, and devices and methods for reading or printing symbols under the symbology.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Bar code symbologies were first disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 1,985,035 by Kermode and expanded shortly thereafter in the 1930's in U.S. Pat. No. 2,020,925 by Young, assigned to Westinghouse. These early symbologies were printed by generating a multiplicity of single width elements of lower reflectance, or “bars,” which were separated by elements of higher reflectance, or “spaces.” An “element” is a bar or space. These early symbologies, and many “bar code symbologies” used today can be referred to as “linear symbologies” because data in a given symbol is decoded along one axis or direction. Symbologies such as linear symbologies encode “data characters” (eg., human readable characters) as “symbol characters,” which are generally parallel arrangements of alternating bars and spaces that form unique groups of patterns to encode specific data characters. “Data characters” include not only human readable characters, but also include special function characters such as start, stop or shift characters that provide certain functional data. Each unique group or pattern of bars and spaces within a predetermined width defines a particular symbol character, and thus a particular data character or characters.

The known U.P.C. symbology can be described generically as a (7,2) “n,k code.” An “n,k code” is defined as a symbology where each symbol character has “k” number of bars and spaces and whose total length is “n” modules long. Therefore, the U.P.C. symbology encodes two bars and two spaces in each symbol character and each symbol character is seven modules long. A “module” is the narrowest nominal width unit of measure in a bar code symbology (a one-wide bar or space). “Nominal” refers to the intended value of a specific parameter, regardless of printing errors, etc. Under common counting techniques, the number of possible symbol characters can be found by realizing that in seven modules, there are six locations where a transition can occur, and that for two bars and two spaces, there are three internal transitions. Therefore, the number of unique symbol characters for the U.P.C. symbology is simply 6 choose 3 which equals 20. Similarly, under the Code 128 symbology, which is an (11,3) symbology, 252 unique symbol characters are available (10 choose 5).

The bar code symbologies known as U.P.C., EAN, Code 11 and Codabar are all bar code symbology standards which support only numeric data characters, and a few special characters such as “+” and “−”. The U.P.C. symbology is both a bar code standard, as well as an industry standard, in that it has been adopted by industry in a standard application (consumer goods). The bar code standard Code 39 was the first alphanumeric bar code symbology standard developed. However, it was limited to 43 characters.

Code 93 is an improvement over Code 39. Code 93 is a continuous bar code symbology employing four element widths. Each Code 93 symbol has nine modules that may be either black or white (either a bar or a space). Each symbol in the Code 93 standard contains three bars and three spaces (six elements), whose total length is nine modules long. Code 93, having nine modules and three bars per symbol is thus a (9,3) symbology which has 56 possible characters (8 choose 5). For edge to edge decoding reasons, the Code 93 symbology standard defines only 48 unique symbols, and thus is able to define 47 characters in its character set plus a start/stop code. The 47 characters include the numeric characters 0-9, the alphabetic characters A-Z, some additional symbols and four shift codes.

The computer industry uses its own character encoding standards, namely, the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII). ASCII defines a character set containing 128 characters and symbols. Each character in ASCII is represented by a unique 7-bit code. Since Code 39 and Code 93 are limited to fewer than 50 characters, these standards are inadequate to uniquely represent each ASCII character. The four shift codes in Code 93, however, allow this standard to unambiguously represent all 128 ASCII characters. One drawback is that a series of two Code 93 symbols are required to represent a single ASCII character. Thus, bar code labels representing characters in the ASCII character set are twice as long as labels representing characters in the Code 93 character set.

New bar code symbology standards, such as Code 128, were developed to encode the complete ASCII character set, however, these standards suffer from certain shortcomings, including requiring shift codes or other preceding symbols to represent certain characters. All of these symbologies require increased processing time and overhead to process the entire ASCII character set.

The computer industry has grown beyond the limits of the ASCII character set. As the computer markets have grown, the need has also arisen to support additional languages not defined by the ASCII character set. New character sets were developed to accommodate clusters of characters in related languages. The original 7-bit ASCII character set was expanded to 8 bits thus providing an additional 128 characters or data values. This additional 128 set of data values (the “upper 128” or “extended ASCII”) allowed for additional characters present in the related romance languages (i.e., French, German, Spanish, etc.) to be represented. The only linear symbologies capable of encoding 8-bit data are Code 128, and “Code 53”, which is described in the inventor's U.S. Pat. No. 5,619,027, entitled “Single Width Bar Code Symbology With Full Character Set Utilizing Robust Start/Stop Characters and Error Detection Scheme.” Both Code 128 and Code 53 encode 8-bit data by using single or double function shift characters, and thus require increased processing time and overhead, since every byte value must be analyzed before a data character is encoded.

As the computer markets grew internationally, however, even more languages were required to be included in the character set. Particularly, the Asian markets demanded a character set, usable on computers, which supported thousands of unique characters. To uniquely define each of these characters, a 16-bit encoding standard was required.

Several 16-bit encoding standards such as Unicode, JISC-6226-1983, and others have recently been developed. The Unicode character encoding standard is a fixed-length, uniform text and character encoding standard. The Unicode standard may contain up to 65,536 characters, and currently contains over 28,000 characters mapping onto the world's scripts, including Greek, Hebrew, Latin, Japanese, Chinese, Korean, and Taiwanese. The Unicode standard is modeled on the ASCII character set. Unicode character codes are consistently 16 bits long, regardless of language, so no escape sequence or control code is required to specify any character in any language. Unicode character encoding treats symbols, alphabetic characters, and ideographic characters identically, so that they can be used in various computer applications simultaneously and with equal facility. Computer programs using Unicode character encoding to represent characters, but which do not display or print text, can remain unaltered when new scripts or characters are introduced.

New computer operating systems are beginning to support these comprehensive 16-bit code standards, e.g., WINDOWS NT, manufactured by Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash. The data collection industry, however, has failed to keep pace with the computer industry. No system currently exists for readily encoding the 16-bit computer character codes into bar code symbols. Therefore, there is a need to support these 16-bit computer character standards in the data collection industry, particularly for bar code symbologies.

Furthermore, most alphanumeric bar code symbologies are inefficient when used to encode a long series of numbers or lower case alphabetic characters. For example, when encoding a series of decimal numbers using Code 93 for example, the 26 bar code symbols reflecting the 26 alphabetic characters are not used. Therefore, there is a need to allow these alphanumeric bar code symbologies to more efficiently represent a long series of numbers. Additionally, many symbologies lack error correction features.

One known symbology, the IPC symbology indicates whether another symbol is adjacent to and in some way includes data related to the IPC symbol. A parity arrangement in the data set for the IPC symbology indicates the presence of such adjacent symbol. The IPC symbology is a fixed width, numeric symbology, which is used in Uniform Code Council (UCC) applications, such as with the U.P.C. symbology. Since the IPC symbology is fixed width, only a fixed number of characters can be encoded within a symbol. Furthermore, only numeric data characters can be encoded in such symbols. As a result, the IPC symbology is limited to only a few data collection applications.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention solves the above problems and provides additional benefits. Under one embodiment of the present invention, a group shift feature permits strings of lower case alphabetic characters, numeric characters and other lower ASCII characters to be decoded efficiently, for example within 10.8 modules per symbol character for a group of ten of such lower case alphabetic/numeric characters.

Under another embodiment, an error correction or Special Features Flag can be employed to indicate error correction characters within a symbol. The Special Features Flag character is positioned within the middle of a symbol, followed by a message length indicator character. Under an exemplary embodiment, a symbol employing error correction includes five error correction characters, which permit two errors or three erasures to be corrected within the symbol. Furthermore, beginning or end portions of a symbol can be corrected, and the symbol can be encoded in halves.

Under another embodiment, a symbology avoids complex methods of encoding 8-bit and 16-bit data by describing a simple byte encodation mode which works on any byte value uniformly. Under the exemplary embodiment, the present symbology is similar to the Code 93 symbology, and thus symbol characters are only nine modules long. Three symbol characters encode two 8-bit bytes. Thus, a byte requires approximately 13.5 modules, regardless of the byte value. Further reduction in the number of modules to encode data characters are permitted under the exemplary symbology, such as strings of digits or base Code 93 data characters.

Under an embodiment of the present invention, extended channel interpretation (ECI) numbers are officially encoded. As a result, a host computer system to which a reader can be coupled can uniquely decode the coded messages anywhere in the world regardless of the underlying character sets or applications employed by the host computer. Sixteen-bit characters are represented by three characters under the exemplary symbology, while in another mode, two 8-bit bytes are represented by three symbol characters. By representing two 8-bit bytes within three symbol characters, extended ASCII data characters can be officially encoded, as well as other relatively small international character sets, such as the ISO series 8859-1-8859-9.

In a broad sense, the present invention embodies a machine-readable symbology having a plurality of symbol characters. The machine-readable symbology includes an error correction flag symbol character that indicates that at least one error correction symbol character is present within a group of symbol characters. Additionally, the present invention embodies an machine-readable symbology having a plurality of symbol characters, wherein a group of symbol characters form a printable symbol. The machine-readable symbology includes a Special Features Flag symbol character that indicates a first finction at a first location within the printable symbol. The Special Features Flag symbol indicates a second function at a second location within the printable symbol. Furthermore, the symbology may employ a combination of Code 93 start and stop characters, and two unique start and stop characters to identify a symbol having character values beyond those in the standard Code 93 symbology, symbols having error correction, and symbols having related or companion symbols, typically located adjacent or near to the current symbol. Aspects of the present invention also embody methods and apparatus for printing and reading machine-readable symbols and other embodiments and aspects of the present invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an example of a label having bar code symbol characters, with human readable characters, printed or read under an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a table showing symbol values and associated symbol characters and data characters for an exemplary symbology under the present invention.

FIG. 3 shows an exemplary symbol character format.

FIG. 4 shows the bar code symbol of FIG. 1, with each symbol character identified with its associated data character.

FIG. 5 is a table showing full ASCII data characters encodable under symbology of FIG. 2.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a bar code symbol printing apparatus of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is an exemplary flow chart showing the basic steps performed by the printing apparatus of FIG. 6 for printing bar code symbols under the exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a bar code symbol reading apparatus of the present invention.

FIG. 9 is a flow chart showing the basic steps performed by the reading apparatus of FIG. 8 for reading bar code symbols under the exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a 93i symbol employing error correction characters.

FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of a 93i symbol having an adjacent companion symbol.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram of a 93i symbol and a companion two-dimensional symbol.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram of a 93i symbol and a companion RF tag.

FIG. 14 shows a 93i symbol with a companion PDF417 symbol positioned above the 93i symbol.

FIG. 15 shows a 93i symbol with a companion Code 49 symbol positioned to the right of the 93i symbol.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As used generally herein, the following definitions apply: “data characters” refers to human readable characters, including symbols, numeric characters, alphabetic characters, and ideographic characters, as well as non-readable data, such as function codes, shift codes, etc.; “numeric string” refers to a sequence of numeric characters, typically decimal digits; “character codes” refers to a code, typically numeric, which refers to a data character within a set of character codes and corresponding data characters, such as ASCII, where “8-bit code” refers to an extended ASCII code corresponding to a data character in the ASCII standard, and “16-bit code” or “16-bit character code” refers to a hexadecimal or decimal representation of a data character in a 16-bit character encoding standard, such as Unicode; “bar code symbology” refers to a set of machine-readable or symbol characters for uniquely representing a set of data characters; “symbol value” refers to a code such as an ordinal number representing a data character in a bar code symbology; “symbol character” refers to the unique geometric shapes or bar and space patterns used in a bar code symbology to represent particular data characters; “bar code standards” refers to a bar code symbology recognized by, or regularly used in, data collection applications (e.g., Code 128, Code 93); and, “counts” refers to a unique set of electrical signals produced when reading a symbol character corresponding to a data character in a bar code symbology.

For example, in the 16-bit character encoding standard Unicode, the data character “A” is represented by the 16bit code “0041” in hexadecimal notation and “65” in decimal. The data character “A” has a symbol value of “10” in the bar code symbology Code 93. The symbol value 10 in Code 93 corresponds to a symbol character having a pattern of a two module width bar followed by: a single module width space, a single module width bar, a single module width space, a single module width bar, and a three module width space. The counts associated with the printing of this symbol are generally unique to each printer, and for a thermal printer, would represent the time intervals between transitions between bars and spaces to appropriately activate the printer's heating element as the thermal sensitive paper moved past it where the bars are positioned perpendicular to the direction of the label through the printer. Alternatively, the counts can indicate which dots or thermal-print elements to activate when the bars are parallel with the direction of the label through the printer.

A new bar code or linear symbology under an embodiment of the present invention, generally referred to herein as “93i,” efficiently encodes bytes and words of data, to uniquely represent each 16-bit code in any 16-bit character code, encode ECI characters, as well as provide additional features described in detail herein. FIG. 1 shows an example of a label 101 printed or read under the 93i symbology. As shown in FIG. 1, the label 101 includes a series of bar code symbols which encode data characters, as well as corresponding human readable characters printed thereunder.

The 93i symbology is similar to Code 93. As a result, the 93i symbology encodes numeric, alpha-numeric, and the full 128 ASCII characters. Additionally, the 93i symbology encodes the extended ASCII characters and all international character sets, such as those represented by 16-bit character codes. The 93i symbology is continuous and employs a symbol structure, as described below, having six elements per symbol, with three bars and three spaces. Characters under the 93i symbology are not self-checking and symbol length is variable. The 93i symbology employs two symbol check characters or optional error correction characters. The 93i symbology employs the equivalent of 37 modules as non-data overhead. Importantly, the 93i symbology permits data character density as follows: 5.4 modules per numeric digit, 9 modules per symbol character for alpha-numeric data, 13.5 modules for full ASCII and extended ASCII (as defined under the ISO8859 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character set standard), up to 10.5 modules for strings of lower case alphabetic characters and other lower ASCII characters, and 27 modules per Asian or 16-bit character code characters. Additionally, the present symbology supports the Extended Channel Interpretation (ECI) protocol (described below), and is fully compatible with the existing Code 93 symbology.

FIG. 2 shows the symbol character assignments for each data character in the 93i symbology. The “value” column in FIG. 2 represents the symbol value for each symbol character. As described herein, the symbol value is used to compute not only check or error correction characters, but is also employed in various data compression methods. The “character” column in FIG. 2 lists the alternating bar and space pattern for each symbol character, where a “1” corresponds to one module, “2” corresponds to two modules, etc. Each character begins with a bar. The “data” column in FIG. 2 represents a base data character corresponding to each symbol character, or the functionality of the symbol character. As shown in FIG. 2, symbol values 00-46, and their corresponding symbol characters and data characters match the corresponding symbol values, symbol characters, and data characters in the Code 93 symbology, as well as the start and stop symbol characters.

Additionally, the 93i symbology employs unique start and stop characters: a start character consisting of a bar and space pattern 2, 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, and a stop character consisting of the same bar and space pattern but including an additional two-wide bar at the end, i.e., 2, 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 2. Such alternative start and stop characters differentiate the symbology from the Code 93 symbology, and provide characters having wide elements at the beginning and end of the character, to facilitate out-of-focus decoding. Possibly more importantly, the two available start and stop characters permit four distinct types of symbols to be valid.

The first valid symbol type begins and ends with the Code 93 start and stop characters, respectively, and includes all symbol characters having character values less than 47, and every shift character is followed by a character value within the data character set A,B, . . . , Z. The second valid symbol type begins with the Code 93 start character, includes either at least one character value greater than 46 or at least one shift character followed by a character of value less than 47 other than A, B, . . . , Z, e.g., a character string not defined for Code 93, and ends with the 93i stop character.

The third valid symbol type begins with the 93i start character, contains a Special Features Flag (described below) in the middle of the symbol characters that represent and any data character combination under the 93i symbology, and ends with the Code 93 stop character. The third valid symbol is a 93i error corrected symbol. The fourth type of valid symbol begins and ends with the 93i start and stop characters and contains any data character combination, but this start/stop character combination indicates that a companion symbol is present. For example, a 93i symbol having 93i start and stop characters indicates to a reader that a line scannable symbol is located adjacent to or near the 93i symbol, and typically includes encoded data related to the data encoded within the 93i symbol. Use of companion symbols is described more thoroughly below.

The following table summarizes the start/stop character combinations under the 93i symbology. In the following table “C93” refers to Code 93 start/stop characters, while “EC” stands for error correction.

Start/Stop Character Type Distinguishing Feature C93/C93 Code 93 (no characters of value > 46 or illegal shift combinations) C93/93i 93i (has 93i stop and at least one other 93i specific feature) 93i/C93 93i (has 93i start and always has a character of with EC value 52) 93i/93i 93i (has at least two 93i characters as the start with and stop) companion

Note that an adjacent tag indication feature (described below) can be used with any of the 93i start/stop character combinations. All character combinations or mode values not explicitly defined herein are invalid and cause a decode operation to fail.

By employing unique start and stop characters under the 93i symbology, as well as characters having character values beyond those in the Code 93 symbology, at least two pattern changes are necessary to confuse a 93i symbol with a standard Code 93 symbol. For example, a 93i start or stop character, and a character having a value greater than 46 must be interpreted as Code 93 start/stop characters and a character having value less than 46. Additionally, a check character typically must be misinterpreted for a 93i symbol to be interpreted as a standard Code 93 symbol.

Unlike the Code 93 symbology, the 93i symbology employs 53 symbol values, rather than the 47 employed in the Code 93 symbology. Specifically, the 93i symbology adds symbol values 47-52 and two start characters. A first start character beginning with a bar space bar pattern of 2, 1, 3, 1, 1, 1 indicates that the symbol is a 93i symbol, and therefore can include symbol values 47-52. By employing two wide bars separated by a single width space in the 93i start character, a reader can determine whether the symbol is in focus by determining whether the single width space is resolved. If the reader identifies a 5-width bar in the 93i start character, then the reader determines that the symbol is likely out of focus since the 1-wide space is unresolved.

Another start character is identical to the start symbol for the Code 93 symbology, and indicates that the symbol is encoded using only valid Code 93 symbol characters. For evenly mixed alphanumeric messages, employing only upper case alphabetic characters, the Code 93 symbology provides the most efficient character density, and is therefore preferred for such messages.

As shown in FIG. 3, the symbol character structure for each symbol character in the 93i symbology employs 3 bars and 3 spaces in 9 modules. Each bar or space is 1, 2, 3, or 4 modules in width. As in the Code 93 symbology, the 93i symbology employs a leading quiet zone (QZ) having a minimum width equal to ten times the X dimension, one of two start symbol characters, one or more symbol characters encoding data characters, two symbol check characters (referred to as “C” and “K”), a stop symbol character, and a trailing quiet zone. A symbol may include an error correction or special function flag and message length indicator within the middle of a symbol, and five error correction characters, as discussed below. FIG. 4 shows the symbol characters in the label 101 (without error correction) parsed into individual symbol characters, represented by short vertical lines between each symbol character, together with the corresponding data character for each symbol character.

As noted above, each 93i symbol contains two check characters that immediately precede the stop symbol character. A modulo 53 sum is employed under the check algorithm for all symbol values in the symbol.

As with the Code 93 symbology, the check character “C” is computed based on the modulo sum of the products of the symbol values, as shown in FIG. 2, multiplied by a weighting sequence. The weighting sequence, from right to left (from the stop symbol character to the start symbol character), starting with the immediately preceding character, are in the repeating sequence 1,2,3, . . . 20, 1,2,3, . . . 20, 1,2, . . . . The check character “'K” is produced based on the modulo sum of the products of the symbol values and a different weighting sequence, where the weights from right to left, beginning with the check character “C” are in the repeating sequence 1,2,3, . . . . 15, 1,2,3, . . . 15, 1,2, . . . . As in the Code 93 symbology, the start and stop symbol characters are not included in the check character calculations.

For example, considering the symbol of FIG. 4, the data characters are, from left to right, 9,3,i,[ECI 16], {30908}. “[ECI 16]” refers to the ECI value 000016, while “{30908}” is the Asian character having the 16-bit code 30908 in the Unicode standard (which is pronounced approximately as “MA”). As used generally herein, the term “symbol” used alone refers to a collection of symbol characters, such as those shown in the label 101. The numeric data characters “9” and “3” are encoded directly, while the data character “i” must be encoded with a shift character (as described below). As used generally herein, the term “character” used alone refers to either a data character or its corresponding symbol value. The [ECI 16] data character is formed with two symbol characters, while the Asian character {30908} employs a Word Mode discussed below. Briefly, the value 30908 is encoded under the formula (16*43²)+(30*43)+34. As a result, the symbol values for the resulting string of symbol characters for encoding the data is: [09][03][46][18][47][16][50][16][30][34]. Employing the above check character algorithm, with appropriate weighting, the calculation for the check character “C” from right to left is as follows.

“C”=(10×9+9×3+8×46+7×18+6×47+5×16+4×50+3×16+2×30+34)mod 53

=1315 mod 53

=43

Similarly, the check character “K” is calculated from a weighting which includes “C”:

“K”=(11×9+10×3+9×46+8×18+7×47+6×16+5×50+4×16+3×30+2×34+43)mod 53

=1627 mod 53

=37

As noted above, the 93i symbology employs several special characters. As with the Code 93 symbology, the 93i symbology employs four shift characters [S1]-[S4], having symbol values 43-46, shown in FIG. 2. A shift character preceding a symbol value 10-35 represents a single fall ASCII data character, as shown in the table of FIG. 5. The character combinations [S3]A through [S3]Z in the second column of FIG. 5 are valid and may be used under the 93i symbology to produce the ASCII characters associated with the single characters indicated. For example, the data character “Q” can be represented by the single symbol value [81] or by the two symbol values [S3][81]. The character pairs [S2] with either X, Y, or Z all encode the ASCII value DEL (delete).

When a shift character [S1]-[S4] is followed by a symbol value of 0 to 9 or 36 to 46, a consecutive string or group of 3 to 23 shifted characters are indicated based on the particular initial shift character. As shown in FIG. 5, the characters space (sp), $, %, +, −, ., /, and the numeric digits 0-9 are unshifted and not used to provide any shifted characters. Therefore, such characters, having character values 0-9 and 36-46, can be used to provide additional functionality, namely the group shift function. The number of shifted characters in a group are indicated based on the following table:

TABLE 1 Shift Character and Number (Group) of Subsequent Subsequent Shifted Character Value Characters [S?][0]  3 [S?][4]  7 [S?][8]  11 [S?][38] 15 [S?][42] 19 [S?][46] 23 [S?][1]  4 [S?][5]  8 [S?][9]  12 [S?][39] 16 [S?][43] 20 [S?][2]  5 [S?][6]  9 [S?][36] 13 [S?][40] 17 [S?][44] 21 [S?][3]  6 [S?][7]  10 [S?][37] 14 [S?][41] 18 [S?][45] 22

where “[S?]” corresponds to one of the shift characters [S1]-[S4]. In other words, one of the four shift characters [S1]-[S4] followed by a symbol value 0-9 or 36-46 provides a latch function for a predetermined number of subsequent characters, the subsequent characters being latched to their corresponding shifted values based on the initial shift character. For example, if the data “Modulo 53” in encoded, the 93i characters “M[S4][S2]ODULO[sp]53” are used, which corresponds to the symbol values “22, 46, 02, 24, 13, 30, 21, 24, 38, 05 and 03.”

A single shift character can be used within a group of shifted characters to either (1) shift the one subsequent character based on the preceding shift character, or (2) if the characters are currently shifted into the same set indicated by the initial shift character, then to shift the one subsequent character to the base 93i character set. Both the shift character within the string of shifted characters and the one subsequent character are included in the group length of Table 1. “Shifted string” and “shifted character” refer to either a string of data characters or an individual data character derived using one of the shift characters [S1]-[S4] based on the table of FIG. 5.

For example, if the data message “Modulo 53 Math” is encoded, the following 93i characters are employed:

“M[S4][37]ODULO[sp]53[sp][S4]MATH”.

Note that the character value [37] indicates based on Table 1 above that the following fourteen characters are shifted according to the table of FIG. 5. Since the shift character [S4] is included within the string of fourteen shifted characters, the immediately subsequent character in the group is unshifted or corresponds to the base 93i set of data characters. If a shift character [S1]-[S3] were used instead, then the immediately subsequent character is shifted according to the table of FIG. 5 based on which of the three shift characters was used. Note also that if the character values 0-9 (corresponding to the data characters 0-9) or character values 36-42 (corresponding to the data characters −, ., sp, $, /, +, %) appear in a symbol surrounded by shifted characters, such character values are encoded directly as part of the shifted string. A Numeric Mode or Function 1 (FNC1) character (discussed below) can be used within a shifted string, but ECI, Byte Mode and Word Mode characters (discussed below) may not.

The 93i symbology employs an ECI character [47], having a symbol value 47, that encodes information regarding prescribed meanings of bytes or subsequent data in a given symbol. The AIMI ECI Assigrnents document assigns ECI numbers and the meaning of bytes or data based on the ECI numbers. ECI numbers range from 000000 to 811799. For example, one ECI number represents the encoding of international character sets. The 93i symbology encodes ECI numbers by placing the ECI number anywhere within a symbol and following it by 1, 2, 3, or 4 symbol values selected from symbol values 0-51 of FIG. 2.

A backslash character “\” (reverse solidus), having ASCII value 92 (see FIG. 5), is transmitted before the six digit ECI value. The backslash character behaves as an escape character to a host computer or system receiving the string of symbol values or data produced when a symbol is read. If a backslash character is to be placed within the encoded data, two backslash characters must be encoded within the symbol so that the host knows that a single backslash character is desired, rather than an ECI value. Likewise, if two backslash characters are desired, four backslash characters must be encoded for the host to know that two backslash characters are desired. The rules for encoding ECI numbers under the 93i symbology are presented below in Table 2.

Summarizing, for ECI numbers 0-899, bytes or data following such numbers are encoded directly even if the data could be compressible otherwise. For example, an ECI number 89 can represent the beginning of a particular type of encrypted data. The encrypted data which follows thereafter, while compressible, is encoded directly. However, if digits or full ASCII characters are encoded after an ECI number between 0-899, the Numeric Mode or Byte Mode (described below) can be used to thereby employ the lower 128 ASCII values and corresponding symbol values as shown in FIG. 5. If ECI numbers are encoded within a string of data characters, which are encoded under the Word Mode (described below), then the full 128 ASCII values are employed with eight zeros prepended thereto. ECI numbers 900-811799 are encoded as bytes in their most efficient mode, and the Word Mode character ([50]) is prohibited. For instance, for ECI number 950, if strings of 93i symbol values 0-9 need to be encoded, the Numeric Mode is employed, even though the values of the data characters may not correspond to the numbers employed under the mode specified by ECI 950.

Table 2 below summarizes rules for encoding ECI values under the 93i symbology. In Table 2 below, “div” refers to the integer division operator, while “mod” refers to the modulo division operator. “Cl” refers to the most significant position, while “C4” refers to the least significant position.

TABLE 2 ECI Value Chars. Value Range 000000-000043 C1 ECI_val C1=0 to 43 000044-000095 C1 44 C1=44 C2 ECI_val - 44 C2=0 to 51 000096-002799 C1 45 C1=45 C2 (ECI_val - 96)div 52 C2=0 to 51 C3 (ECI_val - 96)mod 52 C3=0 to 51 002800-811799 C1 ((ECI_val - 2800)div 140608)+46 C1=46 to 51 C2 ((ECI_val - 2800)div 2704)mod 53 C2=0 to 51 C3 ((ECI_val - 2800)div 52) mod 52 C3=0 to 51 C4 (ECI_val - 2800)mod 52 C4=0 to 51

For example, to encode an ECI value of 000020, the following two character strings are used: [47][20] where [47] is the ECI symbol value 47, and [20] is the 93i character “K”.

To encode an ECI value of 002000, the following steps are followed to obtain the three required characters:

[47][45][(ECI_val-96)div 52][(ECI_val-96)mod 52]=

[47][45][1904 div 52][1904 mod 52]=

[47][45][36][32]

Finally, to encode an ECI value of 200000, the following steps are followed to obtain the four required characters:

[47][(ECI_val-2801)div 140608+46][((ECI_val-2801) div 2704)mod 52][((ECI_val-2801) div 52) mod 52][(ECI_val-2801)mod 52]=

[47][197199 div 140608+46][197199 div 2704 mod 52][197199 div 52 mod 52][197199 mod 52]=

[47][1+46][72 mod 52][3792 mod 52][15]=

[47][47][20][48][15]

Symbol value 48 represents a numeric compaction mode in the Code 93 symbology, referred to herein as “Numeric Mode.” Under the Numeric Mode, five numeric digits are compressed into three symbol characters. Thus, sequences of five or more digits should be compressed using the 5/3 Numeric Mode. The Numeric Mode character, symbol value 48, toggles into and out of the 5/3 numeric compression mode. Likewise, the Byte Mode and Word Mode characters, symbol values 49 and 50 respectively, can be used to exit from the Numeric Mode also. If a symbol ends while in Numeric Mode, Numeric Mode exiting character is unnecessary.

Under the Numeric Mode, five numeric digits are represented by three symbol characters, where the symbol characters each have a symbol value within the range of 0-47. The five digit numeric string is produced by the equation

A*48²+B*48+C  (1)

where A, B and C are 93i symbol values. When a string of digits is encoded which is greater than five, but not an exact multiple of five, the following four rules should apply. First, one digit more than a multiple of five in a string is directly encoded by a single symbol character (symbol values 00-09). Second, if the numeric string contains two more digits than a multiple of five, the last seven digits are separated into a set of four digits followed by a set of three digits, which are each represented as described by the third and fourth rules below. Third, if a numeric string contains three digits more than a multiple of five, the three digits at the end of the string are represented by two symbol characters according to the equation

48*A+B  (2)

again, where A and B are 93i symbol values. Fourth, if a numeric string contains four digits more than a multiple of five, the last four digits are encoded in three symbol characters under equation (1) above, where the resulting value under equation (1) is between 100,000 and 109,999. Table 3 below shows exemplary 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 digit strings, ranging from 12345 to 123456789, and resulting optimal symbol values determined under the Numeric Mode.

TABLE 3 Exemplary Optimal Resulting Data Symbol values 12345 [05][17][09] 123456 [05][17][09][06] 1234567 [43][45][02][11][39] 12345678 [05][17][09][14][06] 123456789 [05][17][09][46][16][37] 1234567890 [05][17][09][29][22][18]

The ECI value is used as part of the Numeric Mode, where the symbol value [47] does not invoke the ECI protocol, but instead is itself used in the 5/3 numeric compression method. If the ECI value [47] follows a string of digits encoded under the Numeric Mode, the Numeric Mode must first be exited before the ECI value is used.

Symbol value 49 represents a byte mode in the 93i symbology, referred to herein as “Byte Mode.” Under Byte Mode, the 93i symbology efficiently encodes strings of fall or extended ASCII data or straight byte data. A “byte” typically refers to an 8-bit set of data. Under the following equation (3), a double-byte, or two 8-bit bytes, are encoded for each of three symbol characters:

A*43²+B*43+C  (3)

where A, B, and C are 93i symbol values between 0 and 42.

Under equation (3) two bytes having a combined value between 0 and 65,535 are encoded as two symbol characters (i.e., 2¹⁶=65,536). Values resulting from equation (3) between 65,536 to 75,535 encode four digits, while values 75,535 to 76,535 encode three digits. As a result, the Byte Mode provides a 3- and 4-digit numeric compaction method to improve the information density for encoding strings of numeric characters while in Byte Mode. Values resulting from equation (3) between 76,536 and 79,506 are not defined, and cause a reader to fail a decode and output an error signal.

As with the Numeric Mode, Byte Mode is entered and exited using the Byte Mode symbol character, having symbol value 49. The Byte Mode can also be exited by employing the Word Mode symbol character (symbol value 50) or the Numeric Mode symbol character (symbol value 48). Additionally, a shift character [S1]-[S4], having symbol values 43-46, causes a reader to exit Byte Mode and adds 128 to symbol values for the following characters. Thus, extended ASCII characters can be efficiently encoded after exiting Byte Mode. Similarly, if one character remains at the end of a symbol, while the preceding characters are in Byte Mode, the final character is decoded at its symbol value plus 128 (as if in extended ASCII). If a symbol ends while in Byte Mode, an exiting mode character, such as a final Byte Mode symbol character (symbol value 49) is unnecessary. If two characters remain at the end of the symbol, the two characters are decoded at their base symbol values, as if Byte Mode had been exited.

Several encoding strategies for improving symbol character encoding efficiency are permitted under the 93i symbology when in Byte Mode. For example, Byte Mode permits two extended ASCII data characters to be encoded as a single group of three symbol characters. For even numbers of full or extended ASCII data characters that end with an extended ASCII data character, groups of three symbol characters are employed under Byte Mode in the 93i symbology. For odd numbers of mixed full and extended ASCII data characters ending with an extended ASCII data character, the even number of characters are represented by groups of three symbol characters, and the last (or only) data character is encoded in one of two ways. First, if the last symbol character is an extended ASCII character, then it is encoded as a full ASCII character preceded by an appropriate shift character under FIG. 5. Second, if the last character is a single full ASCII character, then it is encoded directly and followed by the Byte Mode character. In both cases, the last character has a symbol value of 128 plus the value of the base character or shift character (symbol value 00-46, as shown in FIG. 2).

Table 4 below presents optimal encoding of various strings of data characters under the Byte Mode. Recall, symbol value [49] refers to the Byte Mode character, while [S?] represents one of the four shift characters, having symbol values 43-46. In the third column of Table 4 below, characters “A” through “F” refer to any data character, having symbol values 00-42 in FIG. 2.

TABLE 4 No. Chars. Data Character Type 93i Character String 1 Standard A 1 Full ASCII [S?]A 1 Extended ASCII [49][S?]A or [49]A[49] depending on value 2 Extended ASCII - then exit [49]ABC[49] 3 Full/Extended then Extended-exit [49]ABC [S?]A or [49]ABC A[49] 4 ″ [49]ABC DEF[49] 5 ″ [49]ABC DEF [S?]A or [49]ABC DEF A[49] . . . . . . . . .

When strings of numeric data characters are to be encoded between full or extended ASCII data characters, additional encoding strategies are available under the 93i symbology to improve symbol character densities. If one or two numeric data characters are encoded between full or extended ASCII characters, then the one or two numeric characters are treated as single fall ASCII characters, having ASCII values 48 to 57 as shown in FIG. 5, depending upon the number of digits. If three to nine numeric data characters are encoded between full and extended ASCII characters, then groups of three and four digits are compressed under values 65536-75535 and 75536-76535 of the Byte Mode. In other words, the Byte Mode provides satisfactory numeric compression for 3 to 9 digit numeric strings within strings of full or extended ASCII characters. However, with a string of 10 digits or more, the Byte Mode should be exited and the Numeric Mode entered by simply providing the Numeric Mode character [48] within the string of fill or extended ASCII characters.

If one, two, three or four standard or base 93i data characters are to be encoded within a string of full or extended ASCII characters, then such base data characters are treated as bytes. However, if five or more base data characters are to be encoded within the middle of full or extended ASCII characters, then it is more efficient to shift out of Byte Mode by first encoding the Byte Mode character [49], directly encode the five or more base data characters, and then reenter the Byte Mode with another Byte Mode character [49. Table 5 below provides examples of strings of digits placed within strings of full or extended ASCII characters. In Table 5 below, the character types are separated by hyphens.

TABLE 5 Data Character Number & Type 93i Character String 2 Extended/Full - 1 digit/Base - 1 Extended [49]ABC DEF[49] 2 Extended/Full - 1 digit/Base - 2 Extended [49]ABC DEF [S]A or A[49] 2 Extended/Full - 2 digits/Base - 1 Extended [49]ABC DEF [S]A or A[49] 2 Extended/Full - 2,3,4 digits/Standard -2 Extended [49]ABC DEF GHI[49] . . . . . . 2 Extended/Full - 10 digits - 2 Extended [49]ABC[48]DEF GHI[49]JKL[49] 2 Extended/Full - 5 Base - 2 Extended [49]ABC[49]DEFGH[49]JKL[49]

Symbol value 50 represents a word mode in the 93i symbology, referred to herein as “Word Mode.” Under the Word Mode, three symbol characters are grouped so that their corresponding three symbol values encode a single 16-bit value. Thus, three symbol characters can encode Asian characters or 16-bit character codes. Character codes up to 65,536 are encoded under equation (3) above.

Exiting from the Word Mode is performed with either the Word Mode character [50], the Byte Mode character [49], or the Numeric Mode character [48]. Additionally, as with the Byte Mode, a shift character [S1]-[S4], followed by a single base character, or a single symbol character and the Word Mode character exit from the Word Mode and add 128 to the values of single characters. If the symbol ends while in Word Mode, an exit character is unnecessary. Where immediately preceding symbol characters were encoded under the Word Mode, two symbol characters at the end of a symbol are decoded at their base value. If the host employs an 8-bit processing architecture, then the reader in Byte Mode transmits two consecutive bytes. If the host, however, employs 16-bit architecture (e.g., double-bytes processed in parallel), then the reader can employ Word Mode to transmit a single double-byte word of 16 bytes to the host.

Again, several strategies for increasing encoding efficiency are permitted in the 93i symbology when in Word Mode. For example, numeric strings enclosed within characters encoded under the Word Mode are handled in a manner similar to the Byte Mode described above, except strings having value 76,536 to 76,635 encode two digits. If a single digit is enclosed within Word Mode characters, the single digit is represented by [43] N, where [43] is the first shift character S1, and N is the numeric digit. Two, three or four numeric digits enclosed within Word Mode characters are simply represented by the appropriate Word Mode value, in the same way as Byte Mode. With five numeric digits enclosed within Word Mode characters, the Word Mode should be exited and the Numeric Mode entered by simply encoding the Numeric Mode character [48]. When a single base, full or extended ASCII character is enclosed within Word Mode characters, the explicit Word Mode character values are employed to represent the base, extended or full ASCII characters. If two or more fall or extended ASCII characters are encoded within Word Mode characters, the Word Mode should be exited and the Byte Mode entered by again simply inserting the Byte Mode character [49]. Table 6 below presents several examples of encoding strings of digits or other data characters efficiently under the 93i symbology under Word Mode. In Table 6 below, the value “25543” and “18776” refer to two different Unicode 16-bit codes. Character types in the second column are separated by hyphens.

TABLE 6 Values Type 93i Characters 25543 Unicode [50]ABC[50] 25543, 18776 Unicode [50]ABC DEF[50] 25543, 3, 18776 Unicode-digit-Unicode [50]ABC [43]3 DEF[50] 25543, 3, 7, 18776 Unicode-2 dig-Unicode [50]ABC DEF GHI[50] 25543, A, 18776 Unicode-Std/byte-Unicode [50]ABC DEF GHI[50] 25543, AB, 18776 Unicode-2 Std-Unicode [50]ABC[50]AB[50]DEF[50] 25543, 233, 231, 18776 Unicode-2 byte-Unicode [50]ABC[49]ABC[50]DEF[50]

Any standard 16-bit data character encoding standard can be used by the present invention, for example, Unicode, JISC-6226-1983, Big Five (BF), or KSC 5609-1987. The JISC-6226-1983 standard is the Japan Industrial Standard Character set, mapping the kanji and katakana data characters into 16-bit codes. This data character standard is similar to Unicode, which, as noted above, includes the kanji and katakana data characters, among others. However, each data character in the JISC-6226-1983 standard is assigned a different 16-bit code for the equivalent data character in the Unicode standard.

Symbol value 51 represents a function 1 (FNC1) character in the 93i symbology. The FNC1 character in the first, second or third positions in a symbol signifies compliance of that symbol with a particular application standard, as is known by those skilled in relevant art. Valid combinations of prefix characters preceding the FNC1 character are 0-9, A-Z, 10-99, and a-z ([S4]A-[S4]Z). The FNC1 character in the fourth or subsequent positions corresponds to a transmitted group separator (<GS>) character. If the FNC1 character appears within a symbol, while the symbol is in Numeric, Byte or Word Mode, the FNC1 character is interpreted as if the Numeric, Byte or Word Mode ended, a group separator <GS> character was transmitted and then the previous mode is reentered (ie., Numeric, Byte or Word Mode).

If a symbol is printed with a leading space (symbol value 38), then a reader stores the read symbol in a buffer, together with subsequent symbols having leading spaces, until a symbol without a leading space is encountered. At this time, the entire contents of the buffer, i.e., all read symbols in the buffer, are transmitted, as in the Code 93 symbology. As a result, a long symbol can be partitioned into several smaller symbols, each of the smaller symbols (except the last) having a leading space data character. If a leading space is desired as the first data character in a symbol, without invoking this “leading space append” feature, the Byte Mode should be used.

As explained below with respect to an exemplary decoding routine, a reader that reads and decodes 93i symbol characters does not transmit the start or stop characters or error correction characters. As with the Code 93 symbology, all data characters are transmitted, while a character pair beginning with one of the shift characters [S1]-[S4] causes only the single ASCII character in FIG. 5 to be transmitted. Since the 93i symbology can encode Asian and other 16-bit character codes, a reader will transmit 16-bit words when in Word Mode. When a reader encounters a Word Mode character [50] within a symbol, together with subsequently full or extended ASCII characters, or base 93i data characters, the reader transmits all ASCII values 0-255 as double-bytes, ie., a first byte consisting of 8 zeros, while the second byte represents the encoded ASCII data. If a symbol does not use the Word Mode character [50], and a reader is not configured to transmit double-bytes, all data characters in a 93i symbol are read and transmitted as bytes, as under the Byte Mode. Thus, use of transmitted data as single bytes automatically provides more efficiently coded and transmission within a reader under the 93i symbology if the reader employs 8-bit architecture. When the ECI character [47] exists in a symbol, the same procedures are followed as with the Word Mode character, but only within the ECI data character that contains one or more Word Mode characters as described below.

The 93i symbology preferably employs symbology identifiers. Symbology identifiers in the 93i symbology are prefixes to transmitted data depending upon the nature of the data encoded in a symbol. In other words, the symbology identifier is a uniform methodology for reporting the particular symbology read and options to set in the reader, as well as any other features of the symbology that are encountered within a particular symbol. The AIM USA Symbology Identifier Guideline describes symbology identifiers in greater detail. Readers can be programmed to add the symbology identifier prefix to a given data message which is transmitted from the reader. The particular symbology identifier for the 93i symbology is the same as the symbology identifier for Code 93, ie., “]G.” Alternatively, the 93i symbology can employ a unique symbology identifier, such as “]i”. A modifier data character or characters are then added according to the following rules presented in Table 7 below.

TABLE 7 Mod. Char. Rule 0 Code 93 symbol decoded, i.e., no data characters having symbol values greater than 46 are present in the symbol. 1 93i symbol decoded, single bytes transmitted (Word Mode character not present in the symbol). 2 FNC1 character in the first position, single bytes transmitted. 3m FNC1 character in the second or third position, followed by the byte value of the preceding character(s), single bytes transmitted. 4 93i symbol decoded, double bytes transmitted, including symbology identifiers. 5 FNC1 character in the first position, double bytes transmitted. 6m FNC1 character in the second or third position, followed by the value of the preceding character(s), double bytes transmitted. 7 ECI character present, bytes transmitted with “\NNNNNN” ECI value included in the transmission, and encoded “\” characters doubled. For ECI values 0-900, double-bytes are transmitted within the ECI when a Word Mode character is present, and bytes otherwise. For ECI values 901-811799, the Word Mode character is not encoded and all characters are transmitted as bytes. 8 ECI character present, all characters are transmitted as double bytes, including the ECI sequence. 9 FNC1 character in the first position, ECI character present and single bytes transmitted. Am FNC1 character in the second or third position, followed by the byte value of the preceding character, ECI character present and single bytes transmitted. B FNC1 character in the first position, ECI character present and double bytes transmitted. Cm FNC1 character in the second or third position, followed by the byte value of the preceding character(s), ECI character present and double bytes transmitted. D-8 Structured append support

The modifier character “m” corresponds to particular application standard followed and registered with AIM. The modifier character “m” occurs only when the FNC1 character is in the second or third position.

If the FNC1 character is encoded in the second position, following a single digit prefix character, then the symbology identifier is followed by bytes for a 0, ASCII value 48, then the encoded digit, having ASCII value 48-57, which are transmitted. If the FNC1 character is encoded in the third position following two prefix digits, then the byte values of the two digits are transmitted follow the symbology identifier under Table 7. If the FNC1 character is encoded in the second position following an upper case alphabetic character A-Z prefix, then the single byte value of the alphabetic character, ASCII value of 65-90, follows the symbology identifier. If the FNC1 character is encoded in the third position following the shift character [S4] and an upper case alphabetic character, then this pair of characters in the first and second positions represent a lower case alphabetic character, having ASCII value 97-122, with this single byte value being transmitted following the symbology identifier.

Symbol value 52 represents a Special Features Flag character that represents either use of error correction characters within the symbol or structured append features depending upon the placement of the Special Features Flag character within the symbol. If the Special Features Flag character is placed in the middle of the symbol, then the Special Features Flag character indicates the use of error correction characters within the symbol. The symbol immediately following the Special Features Flag character indicates the message length of the symbol. In general, the 93i symbology employs five error correction characters, having symbol values 0-52. The 93i symbology uses Reed-Solomon error correction methodology with a prime modulus 2 Galois field GF (53) with a error correction character generating polynomial determined by the following expansion:

(x-2) (x-4) (x-8) (x-16) (x-32).

Symbols employing error correction can be up to a maximum length of 53 symbol characters, excluding start and stop characters. Only 46 data characters are permitted in a symbol employing error correction since the 93i symbology employs modulo 53 math, and thus cannot permit a symbol having greater than 53 characters. Since 5 characters correspond to error correction characters, and 2 characters correspond to the message length indicator and special functions flag, only 46 data characters remain.

To encode a symbol with error correction, a printer, computer or other apparatus must first determine the message length L of the optimized message (taking into account the various numeric, byte, word and other modes under 93i symbology). The message length L includes the length of the entire data message, excluding the start and stop characters, Special Features Flag character, message length character and the five error correction characters. The Special Features Flag character is placed in the position following the character at location (L+2)/2. Inserted immediately thereafter is a Message Length character having symbol value L−1, indicating the length of the message, where the message length can be between 1 and 46. Alternatively, the message length character can have a value of L. Thereafter, the printer, computer or apparatus calculates the five error correction characters and places a first two of five generated error correction characters EC1 and EC2 after the start character, and the remaining three error correction characters EC3, EC4 and EC5 before the stop character, as shown in FIG. 10. The resulting encoded symbol is therefore: 93i Start character, EC1, EC2, data (1 to 23 data characters), Special Features Flag character SFlag, Message Length character MsgLength, data characters (0 to 22 data characters), EC3, EC4, EC5, and the stop character.

An example of a symbol employing error correction characters follows. Given the character values “9, 3, 46, 18, 16, 30 and 34,” such a string of characters has a length L=8. As a result, the Special Features Flag is inserted after the fifth position ((8+2)/2=5, i.e., in the sixth position. The Message Length character follows thereafter, and has a character value of 7 (i.e., 8−1=7). The resulting encoded message is “9, 3, 46, 18, 50, 52, 7, 16, 30, 34,” which produces the following polynomial:

9x⁵+3x⁶+46x⁷+18x⁸+50x⁹+52x¹⁰+7x¹¹+16x¹²+30x¹³+34x¹⁴.

The polynomial employs modulo 53 arithmetic, where the results of multiplication, division, addition and subtraction are always within the GF (53) field, having a value of 0 to 52. To obtain a correct result, perform the appropriate mathematical operation and if the result is greater than 52, successively subtract 53 until the result is in the field of 0 to 52, and similarly if the result is less than 0, add 53 until the result is within the field. For example, the numbers (-123), (-17), (89), and (407) all equal (36) under modulo 53 arithmetic.

Using Modulo 53 arithmetic, the generator polynomial is found to be x⁵+44x⁴ +21x³+44x²+50x+39. Dividing the generator polynomial into the encode polynomial above (i.e., into 34x¹⁴+30x¹³+16x¹²+7x¹¹+52x¹⁰+50x⁹+18x⁸+46x⁷+3⁶+9x⁵+0x⁴+0x³+0x²+0x+0) results in a remainder polynomial of 13x⁴+17x³+24x²+12x+28. The modulo 53 complement of the coefficients are the error correction code words E5-E1, which correspond respectively to “40, 36, 29, 41 and 25.” Therefore, the final encoded string is “25, 41 (EC1 and EC2), 9, 3, 46, 18, 50, 52 (Special Features Flag), 7 (message length character), 16, 30, 34, 29, 36 and 40 (EC3, EC4 and EC5).”

Note that the Special Features Flag character 52 will always be in exactly the middle of an odd number of data characters or to the left of the middle for an even number of data characters. With only one data character, the error correction characters EC1-EC5 are still divided within the symbol. For example, with a symbol having only one data character, “D”, the encoded symbol, without start/stop characters is: “EC1, EC2, D, [52], [message length], EC3, EC4, EC5.”

Error correction under the 93i symbology can recover up to two erroneous characters, an erroneous character and one or two missing characters (erasures), or up to three missing characters. Thus, a single vertical broad stroke obscuring 3 data characters can be thereby corrected.

Furthermore, because the Special Features Flag character is in the middle, the error correction method under the 93i symbology permits recovering the loss of the beginning or the end of the symbol, including a start or stop character. By providing the Special Features Flag character within the middle of the symbol, the symbol can be decoded in halves, thereby effectively doubling its vertical redundancy (in a manner similar to the UPC symbology).

Since the five error correcting characters are divided into two groups within the symbol (EC1 and EC2 positioned at the beginning, and EC3-EC5 positioned at the end), the resulting symbol is even further immune to damage. For example, if all of the error correction characters were placed at one end of the symbol, and that end were obscured or damaged, then all of the error correction characters could be lost.

The Special Features Flag character and the Message Length character provide important data to a symbol, in addition an indication that the symbol includes error correction characters in the length of the symbol. By positioning the Special Features Flag character within the middle of a symbol, a reader can determine where the middle of a symbol is, if one end of the symbol is damaged or missing. Together with the Message Length character, and remaining error correction characters, the reader can compensate for such damage (if not greater than that correctable by the error correction characters). The Message Length character readily provides a length of the symbol to a reader which can be used, as noted above, to facilitate error correction, as well as for other purposes.

The Special Features Flag character 52 may also be used as a single character flag for multirow ordered concatenation or structured append, or to indicate the existence of a companion data carrier (e.g., an adjacent symbol), when positioned in the first position following the start character. One or more character values following the initial Special Features Flag character in the first position are either “modifier” characters that identify the symbol as a member of a group of up to fifteen separate symbols that together form one collective single symbol, or adjacent tag indication values that provide specific reader instructions to assist in the decode and data management of one or more companion data carriers. A “tag indication value” is a single character of value 8, 14-17, 22-26, and 30-35 following the Special Features Flag character that signifies information about an adjacent data carrier (described below). A “modifier character” is a single character having a character value not in the above set and between 9 and 45, which indicates a structured append group size of between one to five symbols. In other words, one to five additional symbols together with the current symbol form one larger symbol. A character value of between 0 and 7, followed by a character value of between 6 and 47 indicates a group size of between six and fifteen symbols, as described below.

In addition to employing the 93i start and stop characters combination above the Special Features Flag character followed by the tag indication value having a character value of 8 indicates that the symbol has a companion line scannable symbol (such as a linear or stacked symbol). The Special Features Flag character followed by the tag indication value having a character value of 8 also indicates that the 93i symbol employs error correction.

Unlike currently available linear symbologies, a 93i symbol and its companion symbol can encode multiple sets of data. For example, the companion symbol can encode product identification numbers, batch numbers, purchase order numbers, lot numbers, and other customer defined data sets, as well as other predefined data sets. Such companion symbols typically encode supplementary data that is related to the 93i symbol to which it is a companion. When a reader scans or images a 93i symbol having the 93i start and stop characters, or a symbol having the 93i start character, followed by the Special Feature Flag character and the modified character having value 8, the reader understands that a companion symbol should be located close to the 93i symbol and therefore attempts to collect data from the companion symbol.

For example, with a reader having a laser scanner, the laser scanner remains on as the scanner reads data from the companion symbol. With a 2D imager reader, the reader scans its image memory to identify a stored image of the companion symbol, or obtains a digital image of an area adjacent to the 93i symbol to locate the companion symbol. As a result, by recognizing that a companion symbol exists, the reader does not waste energy or performance.

Referring to FIG. 11, an exemplary 93i symbol 200 includes an adjacent companion symbol 202. The companion symbol 202 is shown as a two-dimensional symbol, specifically PDF417 symbol. A “two-dimensional symbol” generally refers to a symbol selected from a multi-row or stacked symbology, such as Code 49 and PDF417, or from an area symbology, such as Code One, MaxiCode, and Data Matrix. The 93i symbol 200 includes 93i start and stop characters 204 and 206, respectively, as well as the Special Features Flag character 208 and a tag indication value 210. When a reader having a laser scanner scans the 93i symbol 200, the reader recognizes that the adjacent companion symbol 202 exists, and therefore continues scanning so as to collect data from not only the 93i symbol, but also the companion symbol. The Special Features Flag character 208 and tag indication value 210 provide additional data for the reader, as described below.

FIG. 14 shows an exemplary 93i symbol with a companion PDF417 symbol positioned adjacent to and above the 93i symbol. FIG. 15 shows a 93i symbol with a companion Code 49 symbol. The Code 49 symbol is positioned to the right of the quiet zone for the 93i symbol.

As used generally herein, the terms “tag” and “data carriers” are used interchangeably to refer to machine-readable symbols or devices that store or encode data. For example, data carriers or tags include radio frequency (RF) readable tags, machine-readable symbols including linear and two-dimensional symbols, etc.

When a reader detects the Special Features Flag character in the first position with an adjacent tag indication value, the information from the tag indication value assists the reader in decoding the companion tag, and may provide guidance for the reader as to what to do with the information encoded in the companion tag. A tag indication value having value 14 instructs the reader or host to replace data associated with the 93i symbol with data in the companion symbol under a read/write routine. For example, the 93i symbol 200 in FIG. 11 can provide a record locator name to indicate a particular record or file stored in a database in the reader or in the host computer. If the tag indication value 210 has a character value 14, then the 93i symbol 200 instructs the reader to replace the record indicated by the 93i symbol with the data encoded in the companion symbol 202. As a result the 93i symbol 200 and companion symbol 202 can replace data stored externally.

A tag indication value, having value 15, instructs the reader or host to place the data in the companion symbol at the beginning of the data record associated with the 93i symbol, while a tag indication value having value 16 instructs the reader or host to place the associated data at the end of the associated data record. A tag indication value having value 17 instructs the reader or host to not transmit the associated data, but instead, possibly display the data on a display device of the reader. Tag indication values having values 22-26 indicate to the reader that not only is a companion two-dimensional symbol such as an area symbol located near the 93i symbol, but also provides an indication of a predetermined alignment and placement of the area symbol. An area symbol typically employs an arrangement of regular polygons positioned with respect to a finder pattern (e.g., Code One, or Data Matrix MaxiCode). Since a reader knows the specific alignment of the area symbol with respect to the 93i symbol, the area symbol may avoid using a finder pattern, and thereby provide additional data characters in the space previously occupied by the finder pattern.

Referring to FIG. 11, the tag indication value 210 may have a value 22, which indicates to the reader that the companion symbol 202 is located above the 93i symbol 200. Other tag indication values can indicate that the companion symbol is located below, to the left or right, or at some other location relative to the 93i symbol. For example, referring to FIG. 12, a 93i symbol 214 has a companion two-dimensional symbol 216. The companion two dimensional symbol 216 can be specifically aligned with the 93i symbol 214 such that a right hand edge 218 of the 93i symbol is vertically aligned with a left hand edge 220 of the companion symbol.

Tag indication values having values 30-35 inform the reader that a companion tag exists, and provides instructions or an indication as to how information can be obtained from the tag. For example, as shown in FIG. 13 the companion tag can be a radio frequency (RF) tag 226, and the value of the tag indication value in a 93i symbol 224 may indicate that a specific RF identification (RFID) code be employed to obtain the data stored in the tag. Alternatively, data encoded in the 93i symbol 224 can provide instructions to the reader for polling or obtaining data from the RF tag 226, such as providing a specific frequency.

The following table summarizes the tag indication values and their corresponding indications for a reader.

Tag Indication Value Indication For Reader 8 Error corrected linear symbol with companion line scannable symbol 14, 15, 16, 17 Companion read/write symbol A, B, C, D 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 Companion finder integrated matrix symbol A, B, C, D, E 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 Companion tag A, B, C, D, E, F

The tag indication values may indicate a particular companion tag. For example, the tag indication values 22-26 may indicate a particular two-dimensional symbology, such as PDF417 or Code One. The specific instruction sets that a reader employs when encountering the tag indication values are preferably predetermined and standardized such that all readers perform the same operations when encountering such symbols.

In sum, the 93i symbology provides a method of providing instructions to a reader, such as instructions for whether to continue scanning/imaging to locate a companion symbol. For example, the 93i symbology employs a method of using start and/or stop characters to encode data that controls a reader. Combinations of start and stop characters provide for four types of valid symbols. Such four types of valid symbols speed the reading or decoding process, such as by indicating whether the reader must employ error correction. Furthermore, the 93i symbology can encode data that helps a reader retrieve data from a companion symbol or tag, such as through the use of tag indication values.

Referring now to the modifier characters that following the Special Features Flag character to indicate structured append, the modifier characters are algorithmically generated based on the following rules. If the first character has a character value between 9 and 45, then the character value is converted into 6 bits, and the first three bits are the ordinal symbol value and the second three bits are the group size. For example, 45 corresponds to the six bits 101101, or the fifth symbol out of a group of five symbols. If the first modifier character has a character value between 0 and 7, and the immediately following subsequent character has a character value of between 6 and 47, then the two characters of are converted to six bits each and join to form a single string of twelve consecutive bits. The first three bits and the eighth bit are always zero bits, while bits four through seven identify the ordinal symbol number and bits nine through twelve represent the group size for the collective symbol. For instance, 7, 47 corresponds to the twelve bit binary string 000111101111, with bits four through seven being 1111 and bits nine through twelve being 1111, therefore representing the fifteenth symbol out of fifteen symbols. As a further example, Table 8 below shows an example of modifier characters under the structured append of the 93i symbology.

TABLE 8 Corresponding Modification Character Value(s) Following Initial Symbol Special Features Location Binary String Flag Character 1 of 4 001 100 001100 12 2 of 4 010 100 010100 20 3 of 4 011 100 011100 28 4 of 4 100 100 100100 36 1 of 6 000 0001 0 0110 000000 100110 0, 38 2 of 6 000 0010 0 0110 000001 000110 1, 6 3 of 6 000 0011 0 0110 000001 100110 1, 38 4 of 6 000 0100 0 0110 000010 000110 2, 6 5 of 6 000 0101 0 0110 000010 100110 2, 38 6 of 6 000 0110 0 0110 000011 000110 3, 6

To help ensure that a group of symbols is intended to be linked together, two check characters are included after the n of n character. The first check character is computed as the modulo 43 sum of the ASCII value of all of the data characters within the group of symbols (not including the Special Features Flag character, modifier characters, mode characters, check or error correction characters). Similarly, the second check character is computed as the modulo 43 difference of the ASCII value of all of the data characters within the group of symbols, including the first check character, but excluding the Special Features Flag character, modifier characters, mode characters, error correction characters or other check characters.

Each symbol in a group of structured append symbols may be scanned or imaged in any order, and symbols with error correction characters may be mixed with regular 93i symbols lacking error correction characters. The data from all of the symbols is buffered in the reader and transmitted in the correct order with any pre- and post-amble enabled characters within the reader, such as carriage return (CR), line feed (LF), etc. Optionally, a reader can be configured to transmit individual symbols using the symbology identifier protocol explained herein. In such case, the appropriate symbology identifier is followed by a double digit pair, m of n, and prepended to the data transmission of each symbol. For example, if the data character string “123” is in the first of two symbols, and the data character string 456 is in the second of two symbols, the symbol values encoded in the first symbol are “52, 10, 1, 2, 3, ” and the symbol values encoded in the second symbol are “52, 18, 8, 4, 4, 5, 6, ” where 8=(49+50+51+52+53+54) mod 43, and 4=(49−50−51−52−53−54) mod 43. The data transmitted from the reader is transmitted as the data character string 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, CR, LF. If the reader were configured to transmit individual structured append symbols, and the second of the two symbols were scanned first, the reader would transmit “[,G, D, 0, 2, 0, 2, 8, 4, 4, 5, 6” which is the ASCII value sequence “93, 71, 68, 48, 50, 48, 50, 56, 52, 52, 53 and 54.”

In an alternative embodiment, each symbol in a group of structured append symbols includes a file marker character, instead of the first and second check characters. Each symbol in a group of structured append symbols includes the same file marker character selected from any of the symbol values 0 through 42 (data characters 0 through %). The file marker character identifies each symbol as corresponding to their associated group. Symbols in a different group of structured append symbols therefore would have a different file marker character identifying each of such symbols with their corresponding group.

File marker characters may be more easy for a printer to print since the printer need not enter into a special mode and can simply print one symbol in a field at a time. The file marker character has the benefit of allowing a user to match files in an unbuffered mode, assuming an appropriate symbology identifier is included in the symbol or a simple software program running on a host computer performs such grouping. The file marker character can be placed, for example, after the Special Features Flag character.

In another alternative embodiment, the Special Features Flag can be used together with one or more subsequent symbol values, can be employed in several separate symbols to designate a complete two-dimensional symbol. For instance, the flag may be followed by a single character whose value is made up of the position and the size of the symbol. The Special Features Flag character 52, together with the one or more subsequent symbol values, indicate a precise location of each symbol within a two-dimensional area to effectively form a two-dimensional symbol. For example, four symbols can together form a single two-dimensional symbol having two rows. The Special Features Flag character 52, together with a first, subsequent symbol value, can indicate that one symbol forms the upper-left portion of the two-dimensional symbol, while the Special Features Flag symbol with a second symbol value indicates that another of the four symbols corresponds to the lower-right comer of the two-dimensional symbol. The check characters for the last symbol in the structured append two-dimensional symbol are check characters for the entire two-dimensional symbol. A given symbol can include both the Special Features Flag character within the middle of the symbol to indicate that the symbol includes error correction characters, and at a beginning of the symbol to indicate use of the structured appended feature.

An example of data transmitted from a reader based on the symbol of FIG. 1 will now be presented. The symbol of FIG. 1 encodes the string, “9, 3, i, ECI 16, {30908}” and the data transmitted would be:

]G7 9 3 i \000016 30908

which in bytes is:

93, 71, 55, 57, 51, 105, 92, 48, 48, 48, 48, 49, 54, 120, 128.

Note that the symbology identifier “]G7” transmitted initially with the data includes the modifier character “7” that indicates, under Table 7 that an ECI character is present and bytes are transmitted with “\NNNNNN” ECI value included in the transmission. If the reader were configured to transmit all single bytes as double bytes, and double byte characters unchanged, the Symbology Identifier would change to “]G8”, and the following byte sequence would be transmitted from the reader:

0, 93, 0, 71, 0, 56, 0, 57, 0, 51, 0, 105, 0, 92, 0, 48, 0, 48, 0, 48, 0, 48, 0, 49, 0, f, 120, 188.

Because the symbol contains an ECI character, Symbology Identifiers must be used, and the reader cannot decode a symbol without transmitting the Symbology Identifier characters. However, if the ECI character “\000016” was not encoded in the symbol, then it would be up to the host receiving the transmitted data from the reader to interpret the transmitted message. In that case, where a Word Mode character is encoded in the symbol, the reader must transmit the symbol as double bytes, and if Symbology Identifiers were enabled, the correct prefix would be “]G4.” Similarly, if a Word Mode character were not present in the symbol, but the reader were configured to transmit all single bytes as double bytes and all double byte characters unchanged, the Symbology Identifier would still be “]G4”. Consequently, an encode string “9, 3, i, {30908}” would be transmitted as:

]G4 9 3 i 30908

which in bytes is:

0, 93, 0, 71, 0, 52, 0, 57, 0, 51, 0, 105, 120, 188.

FIG. 6 shows an exemplary symbol character printing apparatus 100. The apparatus 100 consists of a printer 102, a central processing unit (CPU) 104, a memory 106, a keyboard 107 and a secondary storage 108. The printer 102 is of a type generally known which can print bar codes and human readable data characters. Those skilled in the art may select from any such printers which are suitable for use in the present invention. The CPU 104 is electrically coupled to a host computer, or other apparatus or applications, by a port or line 109. The CPU 104, executing a routine (FIG. 7) stored in the memory 106 and/or the secondary storage 108, converts a 16-bit data character code into counts which are sent to the printer 102. The printer 102 interprets these counts and converts them into printed symbol characters, typically in the form of a bar code label. A “label” generally refers to any paper, cloth, plastic, metal or other pliable or rigid material suitable for having one or more symbol characters and/or data characters printed or formed thereon. Those skilled in the relevant art, however, will recognize that the term “label” also refers to any symbol characters printed on an object, such as packaging for a consumer product, or relief formed on an object. The printed label can include both symbol characters and the corresponding human readable data characters. The label 101 of FIG. 1 is an example of a label printed or read under embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 7 shows exemplary steps performed by the printing apparatus 100 of FIG. 6 under a routine 111 for printing a bar code label having multiple symbol characters and with corresponding data characters. In step 110, a string of data characters are selected, input or determined, for example, such as input using the keyboard 107. The string of data characters may also be input to the CPU 104 over the line 109 from the host computer 105. When a key is depressed on the keyboard 107, the keystroke is converted into a “scan code” which is transmitted from the keyboard to the device to which the keyboard is connected (e.g., the printing apparatus 100 or the host computer 105). This scan code represents the particular key of the keyboard which has been depressed, and is unrelated to any particular character or value in a data character set, such as ASCII or Unicode.

In step 112, the CPU 104 divides or parses the selected characters into various sets of data characters, such as alphabetic characters, numeric characters, 8-bit bytes, 16-bit words or characters, etc. Data parsing techniques are well known in the relevant art. In step 114, the CPU 104 defines any special characters, such as shift characters [S1]-[S4], mode characters, such as numeric, byte and word mode characters [48], [49] or [50], respectively, etc. Additionally, in step 114, the CPU 104 determines whether any ECI numbers are to be encoded in the symbol.

In step 116, the CPU 104 determines an optimized string of symbol characters based on the selected data characters. For example, if five consecutive data characters are numeric, then the CPU 104 determines that the Numeric Mode should be employed to reduce the number of symbol characters and thereby increase information density of the resulting symbol. CPU 104 in step 116 employs the rules and suggestions presented above for increasing information density in a symbol (e.g., as shown in Tables 4-6).

In step 118, the CPU 104 determines the symbol value for each data character. A table of data characters and their corresponding symbol values is preferably stored in the secondary storage 108, along with the counts for the corresponding symbol characters, such as the tables of FIGS. 2 and 5. Alternatively, the symbol values can be automatically calculated from knowledge of the data characters. The CPU 104 in step 118 encodes selected data characters into symbol characters selected from the table of FIG. 2 based on the appropriate routine described herein. For example, if the CPU 104 encounters a string of three or five digits, the CPU employs equations (1) and (2), respectively, which are described above. If bytes are to be encoded, then the CPU 104 employs the equation (3).

In step 120, the CPU 104 determines whether the symbol is to employ error correction characters. If so, then the CPU generates error correction characters as explained above. Alternatively, the CPU 104 generates the check characters “C” and “K” by employing the above-described check character algorithm. In step 122, the CPU 104 chooses a suitable X-dimension for the symbol based on, in part, the number of symbol characters to be printed. In step 124, the CPU 104 chooses other format options, such as printing the symbol with the human readable data characters, or other format options known by those skilled in the relevant art. In step 126, the CPU 104 outputs the appropriate codes and other signals to the printer 102, which in turn prints the symbol as a series of symbol characters (and possibly data characters) to form the bar code label.

The 93i symbology can also be readily read using a bar code reading apparatus such as a bar code reading apparatus 140, shown in FIG. 8. The reading apparatus 140 has a standard bar code reader 142. The bar code reader 142 includes an electro-optical device 143 such as a laser scanner, rasterizing laser, or wand-based optical transducer. Alternatively, the electro-optical device 143 in the reader 142 can include a one- or two-dimensional CCD, semiconductor array, vidicon, or other area imager capable of converting received light into electrical signals. The electro-optical device 143 in the reader 142 can also include a light source such as an LED, flash bulb, infrared light source, or other light-emitting element. As used generally herein, the term “reader” refers to any device capable of converting modulated light received from a bar code into electrical signals. Readers are known by those skilled in the art, and any such reader suitable for use in the present invention can be selected. The data read from the bar code reader 142 is input to a CPU 144. A memory 146 and a secondary storage 148 are coupled to the CPU 144. The data input to the bar code reader 142 is processed by the CPU 144 and output to a host computer 147, or other apparatus or applications, by a port or line 149. Alternatively, the data can be output via a wireless link.

FIG. 9 shows the steps performed under a routine 150 by the reading apparatus 140 of FIG. 8 for reading bar code symbols having symbol characters from the present symbology. In step 151, the bar code reader 142 scans or images the symbol characters of a bar code label and determines the width of the elements, e.g., by determining a series of counts. As is known by those skilled in the art, the transitions between bars in the symbol characters, together with a timer within the reading apparatus 140, determine the counts of the symbol characters read. The counts in turn are used to determine the widths of elements in a given symbol. In step 152, the CPU 144 analyzes the counts, to locate the quiet zones on both sides of the symbol. In step 154, the CPU 144 selects the first 6 counts, which represent the first string of 6 element widths. In step 156, the CPU 144 divides the first six counts by 9 and normalizes the result to estimate the widths of the individual elements. In step 158, the CPU 144 compares the widths of the first 6 elements to the string of widths for the start character and with the reverse string of widths for the stop character. If the last 6 elements in the string correspond to the 6 elements from the start character, but in reverse, the CPU 144 recognizes that the symbol has been scanned in reverse, and therefore recognizes that the symbol is to be read from right to left (as opposed to the traditional left to right).

In step 160, the CPU 144 selects the next 6 elements, and in step 162, divides the sum of the elements (counts) by 9 and normalizes the result. In step 164, the CPU 144 determines the symbol value for the selected 6 elements. In step 166, the CPU 144 determines if the label contains any additional elements and if so, loops back to step 160 to perform the steps 160 through 164 again until all of the symbol characters have been converted into symbol values.

In step 168, the CPU 144 determines if any invalid/undecodable symbol characters have been generated. If some symbol characters are determined to be undecodable, then the routine loops back to step 160 and the CPU 144 performs other known decode methods, such as edge-to-edge (element pairs) decoding for individual elements in the symbol. Alternatively, in step 168, the CPU 144 performs bar-to-bar or space-to-space comparisons, or Factor R decoding methods, known to those skilled in the art.

In step 168, the CPU 144 can also verify or determine whether the symbol characters are in focus. The CPU 144 analyzes the signals produced by the bar code reader 142 for the symbol characters to determine whether the CPU can recognize the wide elements but fail to recognize the one-wide elements. If the CPU 144 cannot recognize the one-wide elements in one or more symbol characters, the CPU aborts the decode routine, provides unfocused data to the CPU, or performs other functions such as alerting the user that the symbol is not in focus. If the CPU 144 is sufficiently programmed, it can decode the unfocused data based on the present inventor's U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,486,689, 5,514,858, 5,539,191 and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 25 08/493,669, filed Oct. 12, 1996.

If the symbol is in focus or if the CPU 144 decodes the unfocused data, so that all of the symbol values are valid (i.e., map to data characters) then in step 170, the CPU performs the check calculation based on the last two symbol characters.

Alternatively, if the symbol included error correction characters, then the CPU 144 employs error correction. If the check characters check or error correction is performed under the above algorithms, then in step 171, the CPU 144 converts the symbol values into data characters based on a look-up table, by retrieving the appropriate data characters from the memory 146 or the secondary storage 148 depending upon where the appropriate data is stored. The data characters can then be displayed, or used in other applications by the CPU 144, or output over the line 149 to the host computer 147. In step 171, the CPU 144 also interprets any shift or Mode symbol values, such as symbol values 48-50 for the Numeric, Byte and Word Modes, respectively. When the CPU 144 encounters one of the Mode characters, or other special characters (symbol values 43-52), the CPU enters the appropriate mode or decodes the symbol values as described above. Alternatively, the CPU 144 can simply output the symbol values over the line 149 to the host computer 147, which in turn performs the conversion into the corresponding data characters.

Although specific embodiments of, and examples for, the present invention have been described above for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, if the memory 106 or 146 is sufficiently large to contain all data required by the CPU 104 or 144 for encoding, decoding, printing or reading bar code labels, the secondary storage 108 or 148 is unnecessary and thus eliminated. Alternatively, the data required by the CPU 104 or 144 may be contained in the secondary storage 108 or 148, thus eliminating the need for a large memory 106 or 146 or the need for this memory entirely. Regarding the 93i symbology, the symbol characters can be allocated to different data characters than as described above with respect to FIG. 2. The FNC1 character 51, or the Special Features Flag character 52 can be used to latch into a mode for encoding other sets of data characters. For example, the Word Mode character 50 can be used to encode the Unicode characters, while the Special Features Flag character 52 can latch to encode the JISC-6226-1983 characters if positioned at the end of a symbol.

In an alternative embodiment, the 93i symbology can omit the Special Features Flag character in the middle of a symbol. Instead, the symbol can always employ error correction characters. If a user, printer, or computer wishes to produce a shorter printed symbol, then the error correction characters can simply be suppressed. As a result, a symbol is printed without the five error correction characters.

In a further alternative embodiment, the 93i symbology can employ an Error Correction Level Indicator character. The Error Correction Level Indicator character indicates a level or amount of error correction employed by a given symbol. For example, the Error Correction Level Indicator character can have one of three values, corresponding to use of three, five, or seven error correction characters within the symbol, respectively. The Error Correction Level Indicator character is preferably positioned proximate to the Special Features Flag character, such as after the Message Length Indicator character.

In yet another alternative embodiment, the Special Features Flag character can be positioned at another location within the symbol, rather than the middle of the symbol. For example, the Special Features Flag character can be positioned at a position in the symbol corresponding to (L+2)/2. The Message Length Indicator character can then be positioned at an equally spaced location, such as at location (2L+2)/3. Of course, the Special Features Flag and Message Length Indicator characters can be positioned at other locations within the symbol.

Additionally, the present invention can incorporate the teachings of the U.S. Patents and/or applications described herein to provide additional benefits and functionality. The U.S. Patents and applications cited above are incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in their entirety. Features of the present invention can be applied to other symbologies. For example, the use of the Special Features Flag can be employed in any of the bar code standards or machine-readable symbologies to employ two different functions based on the position of such character. Furthermore, aspects of the 93i symbology has been generally described herein as being incorporated into a linear bar code symbology; alternatively, such aspects of the 93i symbology can be employed in a stacked symbology such as PDF417 or in an area symbology such as Code One.

These and other changes can be made to the invention in light of the above detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the tenns should not be construed to limit the invention to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and claims, but should be construed to include all apparatus, methods and symbologies for directly encoding various data characters, such as 8-bit bytes, 16-bit character codes, ECI numbers, etc. Accordingly, the invention is not limited by the disclosure, but instead its scope is to be determined entirely by the following claims. 

I(we) claim:
 1. A machine-readable symbology having a plurality of symbol characters wherein a group of two or more symbol characters together form a symbol, and wherein the machine-readable symbology comprises, as a member of the symbology, a companion symbol present symbol character that indicates that at least one companion symbol is present near to the group of symbol characters forming the symbol.
 2. The machine-readable symbology of claim 1 wherein the companion symbol present symbol character is at least a start or stop symbol character in the group of symbol characters.
 3. A machine-readable symbology having a plurality of symbol characters, wherein a group of two or more symbol characters together form a printable symbol, wherein the machine-readable symbology comprises at least two combinations of start characters and stop characters, wherein at least one combination of start and stop characters selected from the at least two combinations of start and stop characters, when positioned in the printable symbol, indicates that an additional data carrier carries data that is associated with the printable symbol.
 4. The machine-readable symbology of claim 3 wherein the combination of start and stop characters when positioned in the printable symbol indicates that the additional data carrier carries data to be appended with data carried in the printable symbol.
 5. The machine-readable symbology of claim 3 wherein the combination of start and stop characters when positioned in the printable symbol indicate that a companion data carrier exists.
 6. The machine-readable symbology of claim 3 wherein the combination of start and stop characters when positioned in the printable symbol indicate that a companion RF data carrier exists.
 7. The machine-readable symbology of claim 3 wherein the combination of start and stop characters when positioned in the printable symbol indicates that a companion machine-readable symbol data carrier exists.
 8. The machine-readable symbology of claim 3 wherein the combination of start and stop characters when positioned in the printable symbol indicates that a companion machine-readable symbol data carrier and a companion RF data carrier exist.
 9. A reader apparatus for machine-readable symbols, comprising: an optical receiver that receives light reflected from a plurality of symbol characters, wherein a group of symbol characters form a printable symbol, wherein the optical receiver produces a signal representing the plurality of symbol characters, and wherein at least some of the plurality of symbol characters are selected from a machine-readable symbology; and a processor coupled to the optical receiver that receives the signal and converts the plurality of symbol characters to a plurality of symbol values, and wherein the processor is configured to recognize at least one of the plurality of symbol characters as a flag character that indicates that the printable symbol contains data that is to be combined with data in a data carrier.
 10. The reader of claim 9 herein the flag comprises a predefined pair of start and stop characters.
 11. The reader of claim 9 wherein the flag comprises a flag symbol character positioned relative to the group of symbol characters.
 12. The reader of claim 9 wherein the flag comprises a special function flag symbol character positioned at a particular location in the printable symbol.
 13. The reader of claim 9 wherein the flag comprises a special function flag symbol character positioned immediately following a start character in the printable symbol.
 14. The reader of claim 9 wherein the flag comprises a flag symbol character and a modifier symbol character positioned at a particular location in the printable symbol.
 15. The reader of claim 9 wherein the flag comprises a flag symbol character and a modifier symbol character selected from a range of modifier symbol characters positioned immediately following a start character in the printable symbol.
 16. A machine-readable symbol having a plurality of symbol characters, the machine-readable symbol comprising at least one flag symbol character that indicates that data contained in the machine-readable symbol is to be combined with data in at least a second data carrier.
 17. The machine-readable symbol of claim 16 wherein the flag comprises a predefined pair of start and stop characters.
 18. The machine-readable symbol of claim 16 wherein the flag comprises a flag symbol character and a modifier symbol character selected from a range of modifier symbol characters when positioned immediately following a start character in the machine-readable symbol.
 19. The machine-readable symbol of claim 16, further comprising at least one check character computed based on a number of symbol values corresponding to respective ones of the symbol characters in the machine-readable symbol and the at least second data carrier.
 20. The machine-readable symbol of claim 16, further comprising: a first check character computed as a modulo sum of a number of symbol values corresponding to respective ones of the symbol characters in the machine-readable symbol and the at least second data carrier; and a second check character computed as a modulo difference of the number of symbol values corresponding to respective ones of the symbol characters in the machine-readable symbol and the at least second data carrier.
 21. An alphanumeric machine-readable symbology comprising at least one plurality of symbol characters, wherein a group of two or more symbol characters together form a printable symbol, and wherein the machine-readable symbology further comprises an indication that at least one companion data carrier is associated with the printable symbol.
 22. The machine-readable symbology of claim 21, further comprising: at least one indicator value symbol character that defines a relationship between data encoded in the printable symbol and data encoded in the companion data carrier.
 23. The machine-readable symbology of claim 21, further comprising: at least one indicator value symbol character that defines a location of a companion data carrier relative to the printable symbol.
 24. The machine-readable symbology of claim 21, further comprising: at least one indicator value symbol character that indicates that data encoded in a companion data carrier replaces data encoded in the printable symbol.
 25. The machine-readable symbology of claim 21, further comprising: at least one indicator value symbol character that indicates that data encoded in a companion data carrier appends to a beginning of data encoded in the printable symbol.
 26. The machine-readable symbology of claim 21, further comprising: at least one indicator value symbol character that indicates that data encoded in a companion data carrier appends to an end of data encoded in the printable symbol.
 27. The machine-readable symbology of claim 21, further comprising: at least one indicator value symbol character that indicates that data encoded in the printable symbol is for display on a display screen.
 28. The machine-readable symbology of claim 21, further comprising: at least one indicator value symbol character that provides information for accessing data in a companion data carrier.
 29. The machine-readable symbology of claim 21 wherein the printable symbol or the at least one companion data carrier provides an indication to a reader that the reader is to remain in an active read state.
 30. A machine-readable symbology comprising a plurality of symbol characters, wherein a group of two or more of the symbol characters together may form a printable symbol, wherein the machine-readable symbology further comprises a flag symbol character and two or more modifier characters, and wherein the flag symbol character and at least one of the modifier characters, when positioned in the printable symbol, indicate that the printable symbol is one of a set of at least two data carriers each encoding data to be combined.
 31. The machine-readable symbology of claim 30 wherein one of the modifier symbol characters indicates a relative order of the machine-readable symbol in the set when the modifier symbol character is positioned in the printable symbol.
 32. The machine-readable symbology of claim 30 wherein one of the modifier symbol character indicates a relative order of the machine-readable symbol in the set of at least two data carriers and indicates the total number of data carriers in the set.
 33. The machine-readable symbology of claim 30 further comprising a number of indicator symbol values, each of the indicator symbol values indicating membership in a set of symbols, and indicating a pre-determined relationship between data in the printable symbol and data in a companion data carrier, when positioned in the printable symbol.
 34. The machine-readable symbology of claim, 30 wherein each of the at least two data characters contain a flag symbol indicating to a symbol imager that the imager is to remain in an active read state.
 35. The machine-readable symbology of claim 30 further comprising a number of indicator symbol values, each of the indicator symbol values indicating a pre-defined relationship between data in the printable symbol and data in a companion data carrier when positioned in the printable symbol, wherein one of the indicator symbol values indicates that data stored in the companion data carrier is to be appended to a beginning of the data stored in the printable symbol.
 36. The machine-readable symbology of claim 30 further comprising a number of indicator symbol values, each of the indicator symbol values indicating a pre-determined relationship between data in the printable symbol and data in a companion data carrier when positioned in the printable symbol, wherein one of the indicator symbol values indicates access information for accessing data stored in the companion data carrier.
 37. A printer apparatus for printing machine-readable symbols comprising: a processor that converts a plurality of character codes under an alphanumeric symbology to a plurality of symbol values, wherein the plurality of character codes correspond to a plurality of data characters, respectively, wherein at least a predetermined one of the plurality of character codes under the alphanumeric symbology indicates that an additional data carrier exists, and wherein a plurality of symbol characters together form a printable symbol; and a printer mechanism coupled to the processor that prints the plurality of symbol characters as the printable symbol, wherein the plurality of symbol characters corresponds to the plurality of symbol values, respectively.
 38. The printer apparatus of claim 37 wherein the at least a predetermined one of the plurality of character codes comprises a predetermined pair of start and stop character codes.
 39. A reader apparatus for reading machine-readable symbols comprising: an optical receiver that receives light reflected from a plurality of symbol characters selected from an alphanumeric symbology and produces a signal representing the plurality of symbol characters; and a processor coupled to the optical receiver that receives the signal and converts the plurality of symbol characters to a plurality of symbol values, wherein at a predetermined one of the plurality of symbol values produced from at least one of the plurality of symbol characters in the alphanumeric symbology indicates at least one additional data carrier exists.
 40. The reader apparatus of claim 39 wherein the at least predetermined one of the plurality of symbol values comprises a pair of start and stop character codes.
 41. A reader apparatus for machine-readable symbols, comprising: an optical receiver that receives light reflected from a plurality of symbol characters, wherein a group of two or more symbol characters together form a printable symbol, wherein the optical receiver produces a signal representing the plurality of symbol characters, and wherein at least some of the plurality of symbol characters are selected from a machine-readable symbology comprising at least one start or stop character, and wherein the start or stop character, when positioned in the printable symbol, indicates information in addition to an end of the printable symbol, a direction of scanning and an identification of the symbology, and wherein the additional information does not identify a character set from the symbology; and a processor coupled to the optical receiver that receives the signal and converts the plurality of symbol characters to a plurality of symbol values, and wherein the processor is configured to recognize the start or stop character.
 42. The reader of claim 41 wherein the additional information indicates that at least one companion symbol is present near to the printable symbol.
 43. The reader of claim 41 wherein the additional inflation indicates that at least one companion RF tag is present near to the printable symbol.
 44. The reader of claim 41 wherein the additional information indicates that the printable symbol contains data to be combined with other data.
 45. A machine-readable symbology having a plurality of symbol characters, wherein a group of two or more symbol characters together form a printable symbol, wherein the machine-readable symbology comprises at least two combinations of start and stop characters, wherein at least one combination of start and stop characters selected from the start and stop characters, when positioned in the printable symbol, indicates that an imager is to remain in an on state following image capture or after the reading of the symbol.
 46. The machine-readable symbology of claim 45 wherein the absence of the at least one combination of start and stop characters from the printable symbol indicates that the imager is to be in an off state following image capture or after the reading of the symbol.
 47. A machine-readable symbology having a plurality of symbol characters, wherein a group of two or more symbol characters together form a printable symbol, the machine-readable symbology comprising at least two start characters and two stop characters, wherein at least one of the start and stop characters, selected from the two start and two stop characters, indicates information in addition to an end of the printable symbol, a direction of scanning, and an identification of the machine-readable symbology when positioned in at least one of a first position or a last position in the printable symbol, wherein the additional information does not identify a character set from the symbology.
 48. The machine-readable symbology of claim 47 wherein a predefined combination of the start and stop characters when positioned in the printable symbol indicates that an additional data carrier carries data that is associated with the printable symbol.
 49. The machine-readable symbology of claim 47 wherein a predefined combination of the start and stop characters when positioned in the printable symbol indicates that the printable symbol includes error correction characters.
 50. The machine-readable symbology of claim 47 wherein a predefined combination of the start and stop characters when positioned in the printable symbol indicates that the printable symbol contains only symbol characters with a symbol value not greater than a predetermined value.
 51. The machine-readable symbology of claim 47 wherein a pre-defined combination of stop and start characters when positioned in the printable symbol indicates that the printable symbol contains a symbol character having a symbol value greater than a predetermined value.
 52. The machine readable symbology of claim 47 wherein a first combination of start and stop characters when positioned in the printable symbol indicates that the printable symbol contains only symbol characters with a symbol value not greater than 46 and wherein a second combination of stop and start characters when positioned in the printable symbol indicates that the printable symbol contains a symbol character having a symbol value greater than
 46. 53. The machine readable symbology of claim 47 wherein a first combination of the start and stop characters indicates that an additional data carrier is associated with the printable symbol, a second combination of the start and stop characters indicates that the printable symbol includes error correction characters, a third combination of the start and stop characters indicates that the printable symbol contains only symbol characters with a symbol value not greater than a predetermined value, and a fourth combination of stop and start characters indicates that the printable symbol contains a symbol character having a symbol value greater than a predetermined value, when positioned in the printable symbol.
 54. The reader apparatus of claim 39, further comprising a memory and a circuit both coupled to the processor, wherein the circuit is configured to keep the reader apparatus in an on-state after decoding the predetermined symbol value that indicates that at least one additional data carrier exists, and continues to remain in the on-state until all indicated data carriers are found.
 55. The reader of claim 9 wherein the reader is configured, after recognizing the flag, to remain in an active read state to gather data from at least the data carrier.
 56. The machine-readable symbology of claim 30 wherein the flag symbol character is positioned at a predetermined position with respect to the printable symbol. 